Known in the water treatment world as the “Father of BNR” – biological nutrient removal – Dr. James Barnard recently retired from Black & Veatch after a long, distinguished career as an expert in his field. Over the years, his numerous contributions included developing cutting-edge technologies to improve water quality and reduce pollution. The biological process he designed for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from used water facilities now are applied around the world. In this Q&A, Dr.In recent years, Dr. James Barnard has reflected on and improved the traditional biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology of sewage, and has collaborated with colleagues and several research institutions to further develop the promotion and engineering application of sidestream activated sludge fermentation technology in the United States. Barnard shares his insights and reflections on his career, his accomplishments, and the future of water treatment technology.
在水處理領(lǐng)域被稱為“生物去除營養(yǎng)物之父”的詹姆斯·巴納德博士最近從博科威奇公司退休，此前他是該領(lǐng)域長(zhǎng)期杰出的專家。多年來，他的眾多貢獻(xiàn)包括開發(fā)改善水質(zhì)和減少污染的尖端技術(shù)。他設(shè)計(jì)的從污水設(shè)施中去除氮和磷的生物過程現(xiàn)在在世界各地得到應(yīng)用。近些年來James Barnard 博士對(duì)傳統(tǒng)污水生物脫氮除磷技術(shù)進(jìn)行反思與改進(jìn)，與同事及一些研究機(jī)構(gòu)合作，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了活性污泥發(fā)酵技術(shù)（S2EBPR)在美國的推廣和工程應(yīng)用。在本期的問答中，巴納德博士分享了他對(duì)自己的職業(yè)生涯、成就和水資源未來的見解和思考。
What inspired you to focus your career on nutrient removal?
是什么激勵(lì)你專注于去除營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)?
After finishing my Ph.D. at Vanderbilt in 1971, I returned to the National Water Research Institute in Pretoria (South Africa). The discovery of rich gold deposits more than a century ago resulted in a population of more than 12 million around Johannesburg on the continental divide and Pretoria only 35 miles to the north. This large population concentration at a high altitude where water was pumped from long distances to the emerging cities and while effluents were treated to high standards and returned to the reservoirs that also served as water supply, water treatment standards did not include nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This was causing severe eutrophication (i.e. algae growth oxygen depletion). When observing the green pea-soup overflowing one of these reservoirs, I decided to pursue biological means of removing these nutrients. At the time, practices like chemical treatment and stripping and ammonia were the standard. Biological treatment was still only lab scale.
1971年在范德比爾特大學(xué)讀完博士學(xué)位后，我回到了位于比勒陀利亞(南非)的國家水資源研究所。一個(gè)多世紀(jì)前，南非發(fā)現(xiàn)了豐富的金礦，使得位于大陸分界線上的約翰內(nèi)斯堡和北部?jī)H35英里處的比勒陀利亞周圍的人口超過了1200萬。人口集中在高海拔地區(qū)，水從很遠(yuǎn)的地方被泵送到新興城市，雖然污水經(jīng)過高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)處理并返回水庫，但水處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不包括氮和磷的去除。這造成了嚴(yán)重的富營養(yǎng)化(即藻類生長(zhǎng)缺氧)。這造成了嚴(yán)重的富營養(yǎng)化(即藻類生長(zhǎng)缺氧)。當(dāng)我觀察到其中一個(gè)水庫的青豆湯溢出時(shí)，我決定采用生物方法去除這些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。當(dāng)時(shí)，化學(xué)處理、剝離和氨氣等做法是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做法。生物處理仍然只是實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模。
What has been your proudest moment/accomplishment in your career?
你職業(yè)生涯中最自豪的時(shí)刻/成就是什么?
This is difficult to say, but two moments stand out. The first is that the city of Johannesburg decided to apply the four-stage process that I developed in the laboratory for the 750,000 PE Goudkoppies Plant; the second was my discovery of biological phosphorus removal in a pilot plant, which Johannesburg also adopted during the construction of the plant. Many were to follow, such as receiving the Water Environment Federation Camp Award, the gold medal of the South African Academy of Science and Arts, the International Water Association Medal (handed over by Princess Anne), and other recognitions.
這很難說，但有兩個(gè)時(shí)刻很突出。首先是約翰內(nèi)斯堡市決定采用我在實(shí)驗(yàn)室為75萬PE古德科比工廠開發(fā)的四階段工藝;第二個(gè)是我在一個(gè)試驗(yàn)工廠中發(fā)現(xiàn)了生物除磷，約翰內(nèi)斯堡在工廠建設(shè)期間也采用了這種方法。許多人都緊隨其后，例如獲得水環(huán)境聯(lián)合會(huì)營地獎(jiǎng)，南非科學(xué)與藝術(shù)學(xué)院金獎(jiǎng)，國際水協(xié)會(huì)獎(jiǎng)?wù)?由安妮公主頒發(fā))以及其他認(rèn)可。
What excites you about where the industry is headed?
你對(duì)這個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)感到興奮的是什么?
What excites me is how the latest findings are pointing at the possibility of biological nutrient removal (BNR) leading into producing rapid-settling granular sludge which could double the capacity of existing plants while increasing the rate of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification to also achieve very low total nitrogen levels. Then there is the possibility of combining suspended growth with attached growth to get even better results. Our Applied Research team has had some very promising results and I think Black & Veatch will be leading the industry in the future with this.
令我興奮的是，最新的研究結(jié)果表明，生物營養(yǎng)物去除(BNR)有可能產(chǎn)生快速沉淀的顆粒污泥，這可以使現(xiàn)有工廠的產(chǎn)能翻倍，同時(shí)提高硝化和反硝化的速度，也可以達(dá)到非常低的總氮水平。然后，有可能將懸浮生長(zhǎng)與附著生長(zhǎng)結(jié)合起來，以獲得更好的結(jié)果。我們的應(yīng)用研究團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)取得了一些非常有希望的成果，我認(rèn)為博萊克威奇將在未來引領(lǐng)這個(gè)行業(yè)。
What advice do you have for your peers for the future challenges in the industry?
對(duì)于行業(yè)未來的挑戰(zhàn)，你對(duì)同行們有什么建議?
Be curious and, in the biological world, always remember that nothing happens without a reason. Keep asking 'why.' That's what I did. Whenever I saw something happening, I kept asking 'why' to understand the underlying reason.
保持好奇心，在生物界，永遠(yuǎn)記住沒有任何事情是沒有原因的。不停地問“為什么”。我就是這么做的。每當(dāng)我看到一些事情發(fā)生，我就不斷地問“為什么”，以了解其中的原因。
What breakthroughs would you still most like to see?
你最希望看到的突破是什么?
One is tempted to say being energy neutral, but that depends a lot on the effluent requirement and geography. But recovery of resources should get preference. The energy that can be recovered especially in colder climates is considerable, and the recovery of nitrogen would be rewarding since the energy required to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere is very high. The one thing that I feel we should look at more is resource recovery, especially protein recovery from food waste and then naturally re-use of the final product.
有人想說能源自給，但這在很大程度上取決于污水需求和地理位置。但資源回收應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮。特別是在寒冷的氣候中，可以回收的能量是相當(dāng)可觀的，而且氮的回收將是有益的，因?yàn)閺拇髿庵泄潭ǖ璧哪芰糠浅８摺Ｎ矣X得我們應(yīng)該更多地關(guān)注資源回收，特別是從食物垃圾中回收蛋白質(zhì)，然后自然地再利用最終產(chǎn)品。
What advice would you give to early-career engineers?
Again, be curious and question everything. Don’t just accept that what’s in the box is final.
再次強(qiáng)調(diào)，保持好奇心，質(zhì)疑一切。不要只是接受盒子里的東西是最終的。
Is there a particular moment you recall when you reflected in the moment and felt that you have helped you in Building a World of Difference?
是否有一個(gè)特別的時(shí)刻，當(dāng)你反思的時(shí)候，你覺得你幫助你建立了一個(gè)不同的世界?
There were a number of such instances, but the most recent is after I heard about the great performance of the upgraded Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant. It was such a tight design with everything working so well. The facilities have all but eliminated ammonia and significantly reduced nitrogen in the discharge. Another was when I was honored with a Ph.D. from Iowa State University.
這樣的例子有很多，但最近的一次是在我聽說薩克拉門托地區(qū)污水處理廠升級(jí)后的出色表現(xiàn)之后。這是一個(gè)緊湊的設(shè)計(jì)，一切都運(yùn)行得很好。這些設(shè)施幾乎消除了氨，并大大減少了排放中的氮。另一個(gè)是我被愛荷華州立大學(xué)授予博士學(xué)位的時(shí)候。
All of us at Black & Veatch would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. James Barnard for sharing his valuable insights and expertise with our team and our clients these past 25 years. His contributions to the field of water treatment and pollution reduction have been immense and have helped transform the industry. His dedication and passion for improving water quality have inspired countless professionals to continue the work of advancing the field. We wish him all the best in his well-deserved retirement and know that his legacy will continue to inspire future generations of water treatment experts.
博萊克威奇全體員工衷心感謝James Barnard博士在過去的25年里與我們的團(tuán)隊(duì)和客戶分享了他寶貴的見解和專業(yè)知識(shí)。他在水處理和減少污染領(lǐng)域的貢獻(xiàn)是巨大的，并幫助改變了這個(gè)行業(yè)。他對(duì)改善水質(zhì)的奉獻(xiàn)和熱情激勵(lì)了無數(shù)專業(yè)人士繼續(xù)推進(jìn)這一領(lǐng)域的工作。我們祝愿他在他當(dāng)之無愧的退休生活中一切順利，并知道他的遺產(chǎn)將繼續(xù)激勵(lì)后代的水處理專家。
文章轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)自B&V網(wǎng)站信息，并經(jīng)過水進(jìn)展補(bǔ)充修訂和翻譯。
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