新加坡碧山宏茂橋公園與加冷河修復(fù)是一個城市藍綠基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施設(shè)計的全新展示。作為2006年發(fā)布的新加坡“活力Active、美觀Beautiful、清潔Clean”ABC水計劃的旗艦項目之一，它顯示了應(yīng)對緩解供水需求和防洪保護、同時創(chuàng)造城市之中可供市民休閑娛樂的優(yōu)美自然空間的設(shè)計方案。
The Kallang River Bishan Park project is a new vision for blue-green city infrastructure. As one of the flagship projects in the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme which was launched in 2006 and addresses the dual needs of water supply and flood protection while creating spaces for people and nature in the city.

該項目的目標(biāo)是改造加冷河以及碧山公園，使之成為新加坡打造綠色城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的新篇章，既解決新加坡國內(nèi)水源提供、防治洪災(zāi)的需要，也增設(shè)更多供人們休閑與娛樂的場所。也因此，它收獲了2012年世界建筑節(jié)年度最佳景觀設(shè)計項目獎。
The goal was to transform the Kallang River- Bishan Park into a new and unprecedented vision for blue-green city infrastructure which addresses the multiple needs of water supply and flood protection while creating spaces for people and nature in the city. And it achieved the award of Landscape Project of the Year in 2012 World Architecture Festival (WAF).

項目背景
Background Information

熱帶花卉，公園內(nèi)進行太極鍛煉的人們，美食佳肴，這就是新加坡的印象！作為一個缺乏含水層、并擁有接近500萬人口的島國，新加坡需要收集雨水作為飲用水來源，目前60%的淡水都依賴馬來西亞調(diào)入。20世紀(jì)70年代，新加坡推行大規(guī)模的轉(zhuǎn)化自然水系成為混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)排水管道、溝渠，以方便雨水的有效排放、防御洪澇災(zāi)害。也正是在這一時期，加冷河被建造成為了一條混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的水道。它在當(dāng)時確實緩解了問題，但在30余年之后，一條毫無自然形態(tài)的混凝土渠道已經(jīng)不能滿足新加坡城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的功能和景觀需求。另外，這些河道和運河的安全問題也值得考慮，每次降雨之時隨著水位的急速上漲都會帶來一定的危險。最新的知識和技術(shù)展示了一個嶄新的機會 – 運用多學(xué)科的思維和整合性的解決方案，同時滿足關(guān)于城市環(huán)境之中水資源的多方面的挑戰(zhàn)和需求。
Tropical flowers, people doing Tai Chi in the park, great food, that’s Singapore! As an island state without aquifers and with a population of nearly 5 million people, Singapore is driven by the necessity of capturing rainwater for use as drinking water, 60% of its water supply is currently piped from Malaysia into the city. In the 1970s, Singapore embarked on a widescale conversion of its natural water systems into concrete culverts and drainage channels, in an effort to facilitate the efficient conveyance of rainwater and prevent flooding. It was also during this time that Kallang River was turned into a concrete canal. One problem was solved but now 30 years later a concrete channel without a trace of nature is not anymore an acceptable element of the urban infrastructure system. In addition these channels are dangerous as it fills to a raging torrent with every rainfall and cause every year several loss of life. Recent knowledge and technology have presented a real opportunity for adopting interdisciplinary thinking and integrated solutions that could simultaneously address the multifaceted challenges and needs of dealing with water in an urban environment.

碧山宏茂橋公園于20世紀(jì)60年代末建成，園內(nèi)的便利設(shè)施都反映了那個時代的需求和設(shè)計風(fēng)格。在過去的30年內(nèi)，公園附近的住宅區(qū)人口密度持續(xù)增加。由于碧山公園是新加坡國內(nèi)唯一的一個大型公園，利用率很高，因此它也成為新加坡國內(nèi)最受歡迎的公園，每年接待游客超過300萬人次。因其建造于填埋土地之上，場地排水困難。另外，改造之前的碧山公園的生物多樣性相當(dāng)單調(diào)，大片的草坪之中零星分布幾棵樹木，毫無生物多樣性可言。如今隨著時代的變更，為了滿足市民和游客的不同需求，它需要進行一系列的改造和修葺。
The park was built in the late 1960’s with amenities that reflected the needs and style of that time. The density in the neighbouring housing areas has increased constantly since 30 years. Bishan Park is the only big park in the surrounding and highly used which resulted in yearly visitors of more than 3 Million. Built on landfill, areas have settled causing a difficult drainage situation. The former park was more or less a monoculture: wide lawn areas with randomly located trees. There was no considerable biodiversity existing. It needed both, a face lift and a change of the offered programming as the needs have changed considerably over the last decades.

項目目標(biāo)
Goals of the Initiative

2006年，新加坡國家水務(wù)局、公用事業(yè)局聯(lián)合發(fā)起了“活力、美觀、清潔”的ABC水計劃，轉(zhuǎn)變國家既存的功能單一、實用性的排水溝渠、河道、蓄水池成為充滿生機、美觀的溪流、河湖，并同時整合周邊的土地開發(fā)，便于創(chuàng)建出嶄新的水濱休閑、社區(qū)活動空間，并有助于將新加坡建設(shè)成為活力的花園水城。當(dāng)被納入到大規(guī)模的集水區(qū)尺度，并與社會-文化性狀相結(jié)合時，高度可持續(xù)性的方案能夠充分地發(fā)揮作用。“活力、美觀、清潔”ABC計劃開拓了公共、私人和商業(yè)行業(yè)部門分享合作的局面，以動態(tài)、全面的方式進行城市范圍內(nèi)的水資源管理。作為一項長期的舉措，截止2030年，將有超過100多個項目被確立階段性實施，與已經(jīng)竣工完成的20個項目一道，拉近了人與水的距離。
In 2006, Singapore’s national water agency, Public Utilities Board (PUB), initiated the Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Programme to transform the country’s network of utilitarian drains, canals, and reservoirs into vibrant and beautiful streams, rivers, and lakes, seamlessly integrated with their adjacent land developments. This creates new spaces close to water for recreation and community bonding, and will turn Singapore into a vibrant city of gardens and water. Deep sustainable solutions function best when they are networked on a large watershed scale and are socio-culturally integrated. The ABC (Active, Beautiful and Clean) Waters programme is a dynamic and holistic approach to managing water across a city based on the shared involvement of public, private and business sectors. A long-term initiative, over 100 locations has been identified for project implementation in phases by 2030, with 20 projects already completed, bringing people closer to water.

項目介紹
Project Introduction

該計劃之中的大型旗艦項目 – 碧山宏茂橋公園和加冷河修復(fù)展示了令人驚喜的變化，這樣一種公園-河道景觀的復(fù)興帶來了公園周邊區(qū)域環(huán)境的優(yōu)化、增強了社區(qū)的聯(lián)結(jié)。這個項目的設(shè)計重點包含轉(zhuǎn)換沿碧山宏茂橋公園邊緣行走的加冷河從一條硬生生的混凝土排水渠成為一條擁有自然式河岸結(jié)構(gòu)、并與公園完美融合的內(nèi)容。與此同時，公園內(nèi)部的設(shè)施也得到了升級改建。在該項目之中，新加坡公用事業(yè)局與國家公園委員會的聯(lián)合合作顯示了不同職能范圍的政府機構(gòu)如何協(xié)同合作共同面對挑戰(zhàn)和機遇。
A major flagship project under the programme, the Kallang River @ Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park ABC Waters project demonstrates the exciting changes that such a revitalisation could bring to both the environment and the communities around the park. It involved transforming the Kallang River that ran in a concrete canal along the edge of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park into a naturalised river that is seamlessly integrated within the park. Facilities in the park were also upgraded as part of the project. A joint collaboration between PUB and National Parks Board (NParks), it illustrates how government agencies with different disciplines (for example, parks and water) can work together to meet the challenges and opportunities ahead of them.

碧山公園的新規(guī)劃將設(shè)計與功能考慮結(jié)合。長2.7km的筆直混凝土排水渠已經(jīng)恢復(fù)為長3.2km的彎曲、自然式河流，蜿蜒穿過公園。62公頃的公園空間被重新進行設(shè)計，以適應(yīng)包括水位波動等的河流系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)過程，為使用者提供最大化收益。運用生態(tài)工法技術(shù)加固河岸，公園內(nèi)部的整體循環(huán)系統(tǒng)得到提升。新建步道與河流平行，寬敞的設(shè)置用以滿足大流量徒步者、自行車騎行者和溜冰者的需求。公園出入口設(shè)置合理、實用，便捷地與公共交通和本地商業(yè)連接。水上游樂園是孩子們玩耍的安全場地，尤其在炎熱的時節(jié)里，脫掉鞋子、任由感官盡情地與水嬉鬧！一個既存的池塘被轉(zhuǎn)換為生態(tài)凈化群落，對雨水徑流和河流水體進行凈化處理。而新的咖啡館能夠活躍氣氛，為公園內(nèi)活動的舉辦提供場地支持。大量的綠色開放空間為城市中心區(qū)生態(tài)修復(fù)河流形成的自然奇觀提供了有益的補充。這里是一處可以脫掉鞋子，與水和自然親近的地方！
The new proposal for Bishan Park combines design with function. A 2.7 km long straight concrete drainage channel has been restored into a sinuous, natural river 3.2 km long, that meanders through the park. Sixty-two hectares of park space has been tastefully redesigned to accommodate the dynamic process of a river system which includes fluctuating water levels, while providing maximum benefit for park users. The river banks will be stabilized using bioengineering technology and the entire circulation system of the park will be improved. A new boulevard flows in parallel to the river, and is generously broad to handle the large volume of walkers, bikers and skaters which can be expected. Access into the city is made logical and practical, facilitating connections to public transport and local businesses. A water playground will be a safe place for children (and adults) to take off their shoes and abandon their senses to the delights of water, particularly appealing in a hot climate. One of the existing ponds will be transformed into a cleansing biotope which will clean stormwater run-off and river water. A new café area will help activate the park and support events. Plenty of open green spaces complement the natural wonder of an ecologically restored river in the heartlands of the city. This is a place to take your shoes off, and get closer to water and nature!

土壤生態(tài)工法技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于碧山宏茂橋公園進行河流堤岸的加固。它既是將土木工程設(shè)計原理與植物和自然材料，如能夠防止侵蝕并減緩水流的石材相結(jié)合。不像其他技術(shù)之中植物僅僅發(fā)揮美化功用，在土壤生態(tài)工法中，植物扮演重要的結(jié)構(gòu)控制元素，它們的根基能夠穩(wěn)固河岸。因植物和自然材料的使用，土壤生態(tài)工法結(jié)構(gòu)同時具備動態(tài)演變和適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力，它們進行持續(xù)的自我修復(fù)和生長。因此長期來講，相比于硬質(zhì)的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，它建造成本低廉且經(jīng)濟維護、持久。
Soil bioengineering techniques were applied at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park for river embankment stabilisation. This refers to the combination of civil engineering design principles with plants and natural materials, such as rocks, which control erosion and slow-down the flow of water. Unlike other technologies in which plants play an aesthetic role, plants have an important structural component in soil bioengineering—their roots help stabilize the riverbanks. As plants and natural materials are used, soil bioengineering structures are also characterised by their ability to evolve and adapt to their environment and constantly self-repair and grow. They are therefore significantly more cost-efficient to install and much more sustainable and economically viable to maintain than hard, concrete structures in the long term.

生態(tài)性也成為該設(shè)計過程的另一主要的初衷，尤其考慮到碧山宏茂橋公園的地理位置，它能夠發(fā)揮增強區(qū)域生物多樣性的潛力。自然式的河流孕育生命，土壤生態(tài)工法技術(shù)的使用能夠創(chuàng)造出大量形態(tài)各異的微生境，不僅有益于增加生物多樣性，而且保障這些生物種類在公園環(huán)境中的適應(yīng)能力，從而保障它們的長期存活能力。場地的生態(tài)性在整個建設(shè)過程之中一直被監(jiān)測，預(yù)計項目的完成帶來30%生物多樣性的增加。
Ecology has been another key priority from the get-go of the design process, especially since the geographical context of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park has endowed it with a fantastic potential for biodiversity. The naturalised river teems with life, as the use of soil bioengineering techniques has created a huge variety of microhabitats, which not only increase biodiversity but also ensure the resilience of the species within the park, thus ensuring their long-term ability to survive. The ecology of the site has been monitored throughout the construction process and it is estimated that biodiversity has increased by 30 percent with the completion of the project.

2009年在沿公園內(nèi)一條排水邊溝60米的長度范圍內(nèi)，試驗河床被建造，用以測試10種不同的土壤生態(tài)工法技術(shù)和大量的本土植物品種，以優(yōu)化建造方法和提煉適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)工藝和植物種類選擇。最終，7種技術(shù)被選定用以主要河段的建造。
In 2009, a test bed was constructed, testing about 10 different soil bioengineering techniques and a wide variety of native plant species along a length of 60 metres at one of the side drains in the park. This test bed was used to optimise the construction methods and refine the selection of appropriate techniques and plants. Seven of these techniques were then selected for use along the main river.

這一項目成為了熱帶地區(qū)首個應(yīng)用土壤生態(tài)工法技術(shù)穩(wěn)固河岸、保護其免受侵蝕、并提供動植物生境的河流自然化的項目，它將為區(qū)域內(nèi)未來的項目提供極其重要的參考。
This is the first river naturalisation project in the tropics to incorporate soil bioengineering techniques to stabilise the riverbanks, protect them from erosion, and provide habitats for the flora and fauna, and it will serve to be a vital reference source for future projects in the region.

河流規(guī)劃的水利模型被建造，用來檢測和觀測河流的動態(tài)變化，探索河流設(shè)計的可能節(jié)奏。它的建造方便了河流關(guān)鍵部位的確定，在那里水體流動速率高、需要設(shè)置高等級的控制土壤侵蝕標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這樣，設(shè)計師便能夠在這樣的位置上配置更多的根基穩(wěn)固、結(jié)實耐用的植物品種，而在大面積的緩坡河岸部位則可應(yīng)用低密度的柔和植物配置。
A hydraulic model of the planned river was also used to examine and understand the dynamics of the river, and explore the possible variations of river design. This facilitated the identification of key locations where the velocity of water is higher and a higher degree of erosion control is needed, so designers could allocate more robust plant species to these areas and apply softer plantings of lower density where there are larger areas of gently sloping banks.

在干爽的季節(jié)里 ，這些河岸區(qū)域可以提供大面積的開敞空間進行各種休閑活動，如放風(fēng)箏、跑步、野餐等等。而在降雨時節(jié)，緊鄰河流的公園區(qū)域便充當(dāng)了輸水渠道，輸送水體向下游流動。這種新加入進來的輸水河道能夠形成蜿蜒曲折、寬度變幻的多樣水流方式，它類似自然界河流系統(tǒng)，從而能夠創(chuàng)造出生態(tài)上有價值、自然式、多樣化的生境，有益于生物多樣性的提升。學(xué)習(xí)自然界的規(guī)則形式，用以改造空間、提供多功能的用途，無疑是城市環(huán)境之中有效開放空間設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵要旨。
In dry weather, these gentle riverbanks provide generous open spaces for recreational activities, such as kite flying, running, and picnicking. In a heavy downpour, however, the park land that is next to the river doubles up as a conveyance channel, carrying the water downstream. The alignment of the newly created river channel also integrated meander bends and varying widths to create diverse flow patterns, which are characteristic of natural river systems and create ecologically valuable, natural, and diverse habitats for increase of biodiversity. Learning from nature’s gracious ways of adapting spaces for multiple functions is undoubtedly one of the keys to the effective design of open spaces within an urban context.

另外，碧山宏茂橋公園也展示了新加坡首個生態(tài)凈化群落的設(shè)置。它的設(shè)置能夠提供有效的水質(zhì)處理，同時維護自然的美觀環(huán)境。生態(tài)凈化群落是自然式的凈化系統(tǒng)，它包含精心選擇的植物品種，通過過濾污染物和吸收水中營養(yǎng)物進行凈化水質(zhì)。設(shè)置于公園的上游區(qū)域，生態(tài)凈化群落能夠幫助維護池塘內(nèi)水質(zhì)的清潔，而無需使用任何化學(xué)藥劑。公園內(nèi)新建的水上游樂園設(shè)施用水即由該池塘提供，并同時進行UV的處理。
In addition, the park presented an opportunity for the installation of the first cleansing biotope in Singapore, which offers effective water treatment while maintaining a natural and beautiful environment. Cleansing biotopes are natural cleansing systems that consist of carefully selected plants that help cleanse the water by filtering pollutants and absorbing nutrients. Located upstream in the park, the cleansing biotope helps maintain the water quality of the ponds without the use of chemicals. The new water playground at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park is supplied by cleansed pond water that has been filtered through the cleansing biotope as well as an ultraviolet (UV) treatment.

通過學(xué)習(xí)、測試、提升、改進新的知識，我們才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)這樣的愿景，創(chuàng)建出一個城市公園，它能夠同時作為生態(tài)的、水利的、休閑的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，從城市集水區(qū)輸送水體，創(chuàng)建城市體核心區(qū)域的優(yōu)美空間，供人們觀察、保護和養(yǎng)育自然生物。一定意義上可以說，這個項目將改變新加坡人的生活。周末孩子們可以來到這里嬉水游玩，環(huán)保主義者也將談起他們幼年時期學(xué)校組織的公園拓展活動�？傊�，碧山宏茂橋公園和加冷河的修復(fù)開闊了我們的設(shè)計想象，為新加坡智能、美麗、宜居的國家城市實現(xiàn)增添了重要的一筆！
Without the willingness to test, improve, and adapt new knowledge, one would not be able to stride boldly towards a vision—of a city park that can function simultaneously as an ecological, hydrological, and recreational infrastructure; of conveying water from an urban catchment; of creating a space in the heart of urbanity where man can observe, preserve, and nurture wildlife. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that this project will change the lives of Singaporeans. Childhoods will be marked with weekends of wadding wet feet. Environmentalists will speak about school excursions to the park in their earlier years. But the Kallang River @ Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park ABC Waters project shall, above all, be remembered as a project that stretches our imaginations towards the reality of a smart, beautiful, and liveable city.

項目經(jīng)驗
Benefit to Other Cities

城市一直以來被認(rèn)為是大自然的對立面，而如今，需要將二者融為一體。城市的韌性需要增強，氣候變化導(dǎo)致的洪災(zāi)、干旱在現(xiàn)今和未來將極大地影響城市發(fā)展。新加坡ABC水計劃這一雨水分散收集、流域整合的創(chuàng)新概念能夠幫助城市更好地面對未來的挑戰(zhàn)。
Cities have always been seen as the opposite of nature whereas nowadays we have to find a way to integrate nature and cities. Cities have to become more resilient, the climate change with higher risk of flood events and drought periods will affect cities extremely in near future. ABC Waters Programme that works with decentralized integration is perfect for the adaption to the future challenges.

公園與河流的動態(tài)互動賦予了碧山宏茂橋公園新的獨特身份，它將成為新加坡首個展示項目，并為國家以外區(qū)域河流的修復(fù)項目提供有益的借鑒。在全球性水資源稀缺的大背景下，碧山公園能夠成為ABC水計劃之中一個關(guān)鍵的教育案例。公園意在吸引當(dāng)?shù)孛癖姴⑴囵B(yǎng)對于河流的公共性主人意識，這一點對于流域性水資源保護計劃的深入人心、扎根落地及其重要。取代距離感和恐懼心理，碧山宏茂橋公園將水重新帶回人們身邊，這里是他們自己的場地、自己的公園、自己的河流 – 可以享受并值得關(guān)愛的寶貴資源！
The dynamic interplay of park and river will give Bishan Park a new unique identity but even more, it will be a first demonstration project in Singapore and will give hope for healthy rivers far beyond the island state. Within a global context of water scarcity, Bishan Park is a key educational tool for the ABC programme. The park seeks to engage local people and foster a sense of communal ownership of the river. This is vital for a ground roots acceptance of the watershed based water resource protection programme. Instead of distance and fear, Bishan Park brings water back to the people; it is their place, their park, their river – something to enjoy and worth taking care of.

新加坡ABC水計劃和碧山宏茂橋公園與加冷河修復(fù)