陶瓷膜過(guò)濾技術(shù)及其膜污染控制的研究
徐菁1,繆欣怡2,李洋2
(1.無(wú)錫市市政公用產(chǎn)業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司,江蘇無(wú)錫214002;2.中國(guó)市政工程中南設(shè)計(jì)研究總院有限公司,湖北武漢 430000)
摘 要 膜處理技術(shù)由于操作控制方便,處理水量大,去除效率高而逐漸成為飲用水生產(chǎn)、污廢水處理領(lǐng)域最有前途的水處理技術(shù)。近幾十年來(lái),陶瓷膜由于具有超越傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)聚合物膜的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而使得國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)其展開(kāi)廣泛的研究,并在水處理領(lǐng)域取得了快速的發(fā)展。本文綜述了陶瓷膜在飲用水生產(chǎn)、污廢水處理方面的應(yīng)用。針對(duì)陶瓷膜污染的問(wèn)題,總結(jié)了目前主要的三種解決措施,并著重介紹了關(guān)于抗污染膜制備的研究,以期望為陶瓷膜在水處理領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用提供借鑒和指導(dǎo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:飲用水;污廢水;陶瓷膜;膜污染;膜污染控制
Ceramic Membrane Filtration Technology and Membrane Fouling Control:A Review
Abstract Membrane technology has become the most promising water treatment technology in the field of drinking water and wastewater due to its convenient operation and control, large capacity and high removal efficiency. In recent decades, ceramic membrane has been broad studied by domestic and foreign scholars because of their advantages over traditional organic polymer membrane. Ceramic membrane has made rapid development in the field of water treatment. This paper summarized the application of ceramic membrane in drinking water production and wastewater treatment. In view of the problem of ceramic membrane pollution, three main solutions were summarized, and the research on the preparation of anti pollution membrane was emphatically introduced, in order to provide reference and guidance for the application of ceramic membrane in the field of water treatment.
Keywords drinking water wastewater ceramic membrane membrane fouling membrane fouling control
引言
現(xiàn)如今,我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,工業(yè)化程度高,人口激增給自然環(huán)境帶來(lái)了巨大的壓力,水資源短缺日益加劇,水質(zhì)問(wèn)題越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重[1]。據(jù)生態(tài)環(huán)境部2020年中國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年報(bào)報(bào)道,全國(guó)納入調(diào)查的污水處理廠(chǎng)共有11055家,總處理污水量811.3億噸。納入調(diào)查的涉水工業(yè)企業(yè)共有73152家,共處理工業(yè)廢水257.1億噸,其中工業(yè)源廢水中COD排放量為49.7萬(wàn)噸,NH3-N排放量為2.1萬(wàn)噸。分析以上數(shù)據(jù),可以得知目前我國(guó)污水處理量大,工業(yè)廢水占比高,COD、NH3-N等污染物排放量近年來(lái)雖有減少,但總量依然很大,這些污染物導(dǎo)致我國(guó)飲用水水源受到不同程度污染,常規(guī)水處理工藝并不能有效去除這些污染物。膜處理技術(shù)由于具有操作控制方便、占地面積小、處理水量大、去除效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而逐漸成為飲用水處理、工業(yè)廢水處理領(lǐng)域中最有前途的水處理技術(shù)[2]。
目前,用于水處理研究的膜材料主要包括有機(jī)聚合物膜和無(wú)機(jī)膜(陶瓷膜),根據(jù)其孔徑可分為微濾(MF)、超濾(UF)、納濾(NF)和反滲透膜(RO)(如圖1)[3]。相比起有機(jī)聚合物膜,陶瓷膜機(jī)械強(qiáng)度、耐酸堿腐蝕能力、運(yùn)行通量、表面潤(rùn)濕性、可循環(huán)性、使用壽命、運(yùn)行成本等方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)(表1)。