[分享]德國柏林波茨坦廣場水環(huán)境設計/經(jīng)典“海綿城市”景觀設計
甲方：柏林市政府，戴姆勒克萊斯勒公司
設計時間：1994~1998年
完成時間：1998年
設計單位：戴水道設計
設計規(guī)模：1.3公頃
所在國家：德國
作品地址：柏林
獲獎情況：2011年DGNB可持續(xù)城市區(qū)域設計銀獎
標志性的波茨坦廣場承載著東、西柏林分裂而遺留的歷史創(chuàng)傷。如薄沙般淺淺的流動臺階在微風拂動下，形成波光粼粼的韻律表面，為人們提供更多的親水、戲水樂趣。此城市水環(huán)境設計使得波茨坦廣場成為柏林著名的游覽場所之一，并在建成十余年之后收獲德國DGNB綠色建筑認證體系可持續(xù)城市區(qū)域設計銀獎。
The iconic Potsdamer Plaza bridges the scar left by the wall between East and West Berlin. A veil of shallow flow-steps create a rhythmic surface of shimmering waves, providing multiple opportunities for people to cross and interact with the water. This urban waterscape has contributed to make Potsdamer Plaza one of the most visited places in Berlin, which achieved 2011 DGNB Silver Sustainable Urban District Award after more than 10 years of its completion.
人們對于建成后的波茨坦廣場期望很大，不過這一處曾經(jīng)作為歐洲最宏偉建筑場地的環(huán)境卻極為復雜。需求主要存在于2個方面：人們不僅希望這里是工作的場所，同時也希望這里是他們能夠進行休閑活動的地方。需要建造一種充滿生機和活力的城市空間，盡管這在高樓林立的公司總部建筑的籠罩之下顯得有些困難。加上這個項目高標準的生態(tài)設計要求，更加凸顯出所遇到的問題：十分有限的休閑娛樂場地空間提供，這也約束了所有的設計需求和意愿。什么樣的開放空間規(guī)劃策略、什么樣的設計主題能夠在大量使用者與城市設計之間達成平衡，并最終滿足嚴格生態(tài)標準的設計要求？
Expectations of the completed Potsdamer Platz were immense, and the problems on what was once Europe’s largest building site were highly complicated. Two demands: people were not just supposed to work here, they were supposed to spend their leisure time here as well. A vibrant urban construct was to be created, which is difficult in the shadow of towering company headquarters. And the intention of setting high ecological standards for the project had caught on as well. There were the following problems: very little space was available for leisure provision, and it was subject to all sorts of demands and wishes. What devices for planning open space, what themes can be used to do justice to a lot of people and the urban design at the same time, and finally to come close to meeting ecological aims?
自柏林墻被推倒之后，赫伯特•德賴賽特爾即與一隊英德規(guī)劃團隊一起參與了波茨坦廣場的設計。而水作為廣場開放空間主要元素的設計主題自初始階段即受到參議院和投資方的認可。首先，以水作為設計主題所能夠營造出的所有可能性捕獲了他們的想象力，其次這樣進行設計滿足生態(tài)標準的潛力也激起了他們的興趣。以雨水作為如廁沖水和灌溉綠色空間的建議符合了這種需求。同時，也可以采用地下水箱收集雨水、補給包含一個廣場北側(cè)的狹小湖體、廣場上大面積主體水體以及南部水面。另外，這樣的設計提供了建造階段不降低地下水位、且能夠適當收集建筑體滑落雨水、填充附近運河（Landwehrkanal）的可行性。
Herbert Dreiseitl had already worked on Potsdamer Platz immediately after the Wall came down, with an Anglo-German planning team. The theme of water as a defining element in the open space had convinced both the Senate and the investors from the outset. First of all the design possibilities caught their imagination, and secondly they were fired by the chance of meeting the ecological challenges. The suggestion that rainwater should be used for flushing toilets and watering green areas was met with interest. The same was true of the idea of using the rainwater that collected in the underground tanks to feed a water system that would include a narrow pool on the northern side, one in the piazza, the large main area of water and the southern area of water. Additionally, this offered the opportunity not to lower the groundwater during the building phase and to make an intermediate collection of all the rainwater that fell on the buildings and slowly feed it into the Landwehrkanal.
應用復雜的計算機模擬進行預測，在十年間運河僅三次吸納暴雨時增加的降水量，這樣的預測是基于未封閉地塊大概的排水指數(shù)。為了確保這樣的情況，系統(tǒng)需要具備足夠的緩沖能力。首先，通過設置5個能夠容納2600立方水量的地下水箱，其中900立方被留作備用以應對強降雨量。另外，在常水位與高水位之間，設計中的主體水面能夠提供15厘米高度的水量存留，這樣便提供了1300立方的緩沖蓄水能力。一個關(guān)鍵的特征是主體水面經(jīng)過沉淀后，水質(zhì)自然分層，也因此獲取了下部渾濁層之上的清水資源。水體中的固態(tài)物質(zhì)首先在地下水箱中沉淀，之后通過南部和主體水面岸邊的水管留出，經(jīng)過生態(tài)凈化群落，在那里水質(zhì)得到生物性和化學性的凈化。
A complex computer simulation was used to predict that the Landwehrkanal would only be compelled to absorb heavily increased amounts of precipitation three times in ten years; this is based on the approximate drainage figures for an unsealed plot. To guarantee this, the system must carry sufficient buffer capacity. This is provided in the first place by five underground tanks with a total volume of 2,600 cubic metres, of which 900 cubic metres are left free in their turn for cases of heavy precipitation. In addition to this, the main area of water can still offer a reserve of 15 centimetres between the normal and the maximum water level, which provides a storage buffer of 1,300 cubic metres. A key feature was the water resources that were discovered above the turbidity level of the main area of water. Solids can start to settle in the underground tanks before the water flows out of source vessels on the banks of the south and main areas of water, through planted purification biotopes, where it is cleaned biologically and chemically.
如果需要，也會使用工程過濾手段移除夏季水面上漂浮的藻類。在瑪琳•黛德麗廣場（Marlene-Dietrich-Platz）水體以復雜多變的形式流向廣場的最低點。水體自主體部分向流動階梯滑行，在此處具有韻律感的波形結(jié)構(gòu)被創(chuàng)造出來。細部設計精確至厘米，由全比例的模型制作而成。之后毗鄰廣場，水體從兩側(cè)緩緩移動，穿過線形水階，清晰地與建筑體形態(tài)呼應。最終，水流從北部水體出發(fā)，流入一個狹窄的水渠。該項目被設置了極其復雜的設計標準，戴姆勒克萊斯勒集團（DaimlerChrysler）的代表卡爾海因茨•博恩（Karlheinz Bohn）在波茨坦廣場開放之后恰當?shù)刂赋隽?ldquo;正如這一設計概念帶給我們所有人迷人的景致，我們也能夠非常清楚地看到如果建造人工的大水面，則需要高能耗的技術(shù)干預和化學添加物的使用。”這一設計的結(jié)果能夠成為一個很好的說服，因它的實施，水質(zhì)保持很好，對于降雨也具備一定的緩沖能力，同時能夠節(jié)約建筑物內(nèi)部的凈水消耗量。用設計語言來講，這一處具有城市水敏特征的設計賦予了波茨坦廣場開放空間獨特的魅力！
If necessary, technical filters can also be used, which will remove any floating algae in the summer months. In Marlene-Dietrich-Platz water flows in intricate patterns to the lowest point in the piazza. The water glides of flowsteps from the main expanse of water, and here rhythmic wave structures are formed. A detail that is accurate to a millimetre, worked out in 1:1 models. Then, immediately adjacent to the piazza, the water drifts from two sides over linear wave cascades, creating a clear link with the architecture. Finally water also emerges from a source in the northern area of water, then flows down a narrow channel. Given the extremely complex criteria that had to be met, DaimlerChrysler representative Karlheinz Bohn rightly pointed out after the opening that ‘as well as the fascination that this idea exercised over all of us, it soon became clear that an artificial expanse of water creates a number of problems if energy-intensive technology and chemical additives are not used.’ The results are convincing, as the quality of the water is good, the buffer capacity is adequate and the use of fresh water in the buildings has been reduced. In design terms, the ‘Urban Water Feature’ has given Potsdamer Platz a unique open space.
The iconic Potsdamer Plaza bridges the scar left by the wall between East and West Berlin. A veil of shallow flow-steps create a rhythmic surface of shimmering waves, providing multiple opportunities for people to cross and interact with the water. This urban waterscape has contributed to make Potsdamer Plaza one of the most visited places in Berlin, which achieved 2011 DGNB Silver Sustainable Urban District Award after more than 10 years of its completion.
人們對于建成后的波茨坦廣場期望很大，不過這一處曾經(jīng)作為歐洲最宏偉建筑場地的環(huán)境卻極為復雜。需求主要存在于2個方面：人們不僅希望這里是工作的場所，同時也希望這里是他們能夠進行休閑活動的地方。需要建造一種充滿生機和活力的城市空間，盡管這在高樓林立的公司總部建筑的籠罩之下顯得有些困難。加上這個項目高標準的生態(tài)設計要求，更加凸顯出所遇到的問題：十分有限的休閑娛樂場地空間提供，這也約束了所有的設計需求和意愿。什么樣的開放空間規(guī)劃策略、什么樣的設計主題能夠在大量使用者與城市設計之間達成平衡，并最終滿足嚴格生態(tài)標準的設計要求？
Expectations of the completed Potsdamer Platz were immense, and the problems on what was once Europe’s largest building site were highly complicated. Two demands: people were not just supposed to work here, they were supposed to spend their leisure time here as well. A vibrant urban construct was to be created, which is difficult in the shadow of towering company headquarters. And the intention of setting high ecological standards for the project had caught on as well. There were the following problems: very little space was available for leisure provision, and it was subject to all sorts of demands and wishes. What devices for planning open space, what themes can be used to do justice to a lot of people and the urban design at the same time, and finally to come close to meeting ecological aims?
自柏林墻被推倒之后，赫伯特•德賴賽特爾即與一隊英德規(guī)劃團隊一起參與了波茨坦廣場的設計。而水作為廣場開放空間主要元素的設計主題自初始階段即受到參議院和投資方的認可。首先，以水作為設計主題所能夠營造出的所有可能性捕獲了他們的想象力，其次這樣進行設計滿足生態(tài)標準的潛力也激起了他們的興趣。以雨水作為如廁沖水和灌溉綠色空間的建議符合了這種需求。同時，也可以采用地下水箱收集雨水、補給包含一個廣場北側(cè)的狹小湖體、廣場上大面積主體水體以及南部水面。另外，這樣的設計提供了建造階段不降低地下水位、且能夠適當收集建筑體滑落雨水、填充附近運河（Landwehrkanal）的可行性。
Herbert Dreiseitl had already worked on Potsdamer Platz immediately after the Wall came down, with an Anglo-German planning team. The theme of water as a defining element in the open space had convinced both the Senate and the investors from the outset. First of all the design possibilities caught their imagination, and secondly they were fired by the chance of meeting the ecological challenges. The suggestion that rainwater should be used for flushing toilets and watering green areas was met with interest. The same was true of the idea of using the rainwater that collected in the underground tanks to feed a water system that would include a narrow pool on the northern side, one in the piazza, the large main area of water and the southern area of water. Additionally, this offered the opportunity not to lower the groundwater during the building phase and to make an intermediate collection of all the rainwater that fell on the buildings and slowly feed it into the Landwehrkanal.
應用復雜的計算機模擬進行預測，在十年間運河僅三次吸納暴雨時增加的降水量，這樣的預測是基于未封閉地塊大概的排水指數(shù)。為了確保這樣的情況，系統(tǒng)需要具備足夠的緩沖能力。首先，通過設置5個能夠容納2600立方水量的地下水箱，其中900立方被留作備用以應對強降雨量。另外，在常水位與高水位之間，設計中的主體水面能夠提供15厘米高度的水量存留，這樣便提供了1300立方的緩沖蓄水能力。一個關(guān)鍵的特征是主體水面經(jīng)過沉淀后，水質(zhì)自然分層，也因此獲取了下部渾濁層之上的清水資源。水體中的固態(tài)物質(zhì)首先在地下水箱中沉淀，之后通過南部和主體水面岸邊的水管留出，經(jīng)過生態(tài)凈化群落，在那里水質(zhì)得到生物性和化學性的凈化。
A complex computer simulation was used to predict that the Landwehrkanal would only be compelled to absorb heavily increased amounts of precipitation three times in ten years; this is based on the approximate drainage figures for an unsealed plot. To guarantee this, the system must carry sufficient buffer capacity. This is provided in the first place by five underground tanks with a total volume of 2,600 cubic metres, of which 900 cubic metres are left free in their turn for cases of heavy precipitation. In addition to this, the main area of water can still offer a reserve of 15 centimetres between the normal and the maximum water level, which provides a storage buffer of 1,300 cubic metres. A key feature was the water resources that were discovered above the turbidity level of the main area of water. Solids can start to settle in the underground tanks before the water flows out of source vessels on the banks of the south and main areas of water, through planted purification biotopes, where it is cleaned biologically and chemically.
如果需要，也會使用工程過濾手段移除夏季水面上漂浮的藻類。在瑪琳•黛德麗廣場（Marlene-Dietrich-Platz）水體以復雜多變的形式流向廣場的最低點。水體自主體部分向流動階梯滑行，在此處具有韻律感的波形結(jié)構(gòu)被創(chuàng)造出來。細部設計精確至厘米，由全比例的模型制作而成。之后毗鄰廣場，水體從兩側(cè)緩緩移動，穿過線形水階，清晰地與建筑體形態(tài)呼應。最終，水流從北部水體出發(fā)，流入一個狹窄的水渠。該項目被設置了極其復雜的設計標準，戴姆勒克萊斯勒集團（DaimlerChrysler）的代表卡爾海因茨•博恩（Karlheinz Bohn）在波茨坦廣場開放之后恰當?shù)刂赋隽?ldquo;正如這一設計概念帶給我們所有人迷人的景致，我們也能夠非常清楚地看到如果建造人工的大水面，則需要高能耗的技術(shù)干預和化學添加物的使用。”這一設計的結(jié)果能夠成為一個很好的說服，因它的實施，水質(zhì)保持很好，對于降雨也具備一定的緩沖能力，同時能夠節(jié)約建筑物內(nèi)部的凈水消耗量。用設計語言來講，這一處具有城市水敏特征的設計賦予了波茨坦廣場開放空間獨特的魅力！
If necessary, technical filters can also be used, which will remove any floating algae in the summer months. In Marlene-Dietrich-Platz water flows in intricate patterns to the lowest point in the piazza. The water glides of flowsteps from the main expanse of water, and here rhythmic wave structures are formed. A detail that is accurate to a millimetre, worked out in 1:1 models. Then, immediately adjacent to the piazza, the water drifts from two sides over linear wave cascades, creating a clear link with the architecture. Finally water also emerges from a source in the northern area of water, then flows down a narrow channel. Given the extremely complex criteria that had to be met, DaimlerChrysler representative Karlheinz Bohn rightly pointed out after the opening that ‘as well as the fascination that this idea exercised over all of us, it soon became clear that an artificial expanse of water creates a number of problems if energy-intensive technology and chemical additives are not used.’ The results are convincing, as the quality of the water is good, the buffer capacity is adequate and the use of fresh water in the buildings has been reduced. In design terms, the ‘Urban Water Feature’ has given Potsdamer Platz a unique open space.
